New program rules require the suppression of cool season grasses in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields. The goal is to increase the diversity of cover by the interseeding of legumes. These activities are referred to by the CRP rules as “Required Management Practices”. There are several required management practices to select from based on the existing CRP cover type which are detailed in jobsheets developed by Wisconsin NRCS ( http://www.wi.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/jobsheets3.asp). CRP participants have expressed interest in the use of herbicides to suppress cool grasses and allow for the establishment of legumes. This article is meant to provide some information to aid in herbicide selection for suppression of cool season grasses in CRP fields. 

 

Within Wisconsin, the major cool season grass in CRP fields is smooth brome and many studies have documented the ability to suppress and control populations with herbicides. It is important to recognize that management plans that target elimination of populations typically involve several years of management, often integrating several management methods, but when suppression is the goal a single herbicide application can suppress populations for several years (if applied correctly). Management of cool season grasses is required by CRP rules to occur outside of the primary nesting season (typically May 15^th – August 1^st). Fortunately several herbicides can suppress growth when applied to actively growing plants before or after this restricted timing. NOTE: the required management practice must be applied during the specific year identified in the CRP contract. Waiting to implement an early fall herbicide treatment and interseeding will require careful planning to assure that the practice is completed before the end of the contract year (Sept 30^th). While several herbicides are registered for use in CRP that could be used (See table 1 for a summary of the attributes of each active ingredient) most applications will likely be conducted with herbicides containing the active ingredients glyphosate (Roundup), sethoxydim (Poast) or fluazifop (Fusilade) as these are affordable, effective, and have no planting restrictions for legumes. Herbicides containing paraquat (Gramoxone) have been used extensively in pasture renovations, but will likely have limited success as these herbicides do not move into the perennial tissue, therefore plants quickly resprout and suppression rarely lasts more than one year. Other herbicides that may be considered have imazapic as an active ingredient (Journey, Plateau). While these are effective at suppressing smooth brome, the interval before allowing interseeding of legumes is long and requires the land owner to conduct a bioassay before planting. These restrictions will likely limit the use of herbicides containing this active ingredient for interseeding legumes into CRP fields in Wisconsin.

 

When selecting a suppression treatment several aspects should be considered. First, does the field warrant the use of a selective or nonselective herbicide? This decision should be based on the desirable (and undesirable) broadleaf plants present. If land managers wish to minimize injury to desirable broadleaf species, the selection of herbicides containing sethoxydim (Poast) or fluazifop (Fusilade) would be recommended. If many undesirable broadleaf weeds are present in these fields, then glyphosate (Roundup) would be a more appropriate choice as treatments would also control them.  In addition to the herbicide selected one should also consider the conditions of the field and timing of the application as these can also impact the level of suppression. If sites have extensive amounts of litter (as most smooth brome fields do), site preparation by mowing or other methods prior to application will likely enhance control. In addition, the stage of development of smooth brome and temperature during applications can affect control. Recommended timings for management of smooth brome is in the spring prior to flowering when growth is 1-2 ft tall or in the fall to actively growing plants. Fall timings can have greater efficacy as often plants will move more herbicide into perennial parts of the plant. Since the goal is to reduce, but not eliminate cool season grass populations, I recommend using the lower range of listed rates, especially in the fall. Cold temperatures can also reduce the effectiveness of these herbicides, and this could impact early spring or late fall applications. If considering an application and cold temperatures are present I recommend delaying herbicide application until the air temperature is above 50 F. Unfortunately we do not have information specific to Wisconsin CRP fields to develop more specific recommendations. I will be evaluating these herbicides this spring and fall and will provide additional information with regards to the rate and timing that are specific to Wisconsin as it becomes available. Whatever herbicide you select, make sure to follow the label, as specific restrictions may exist with some products that don’t exist with others.

 

 

Table 1.Attributes and recommended rates of active ingredients that could be used to suppress smooth brome in CRP fields in Wisconsin.